Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder that has emerged as a major global health concern. It is broadly classified into two main types. Type 1 DM, typically manifesting at a young age, is an autoimmune condition characterised by insufficient insulin production resulting from immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells. In contrast, Type 2 DM, which generally develops during adolescence or adulthood, is defined by reduced sensitivity of peripheral tissue to insulin, leading to insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism.1